The Obama administration is not overturning the hotly debated Bush-era rule that limits provisions to protect the polar bear, Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar announced May 8 at a press briefing.
(오바마 정부는 뜨겁게 논쟁이 되었던 부시시대의 북극곰 보호를 위한 조항의 제한을 바꾸지 않기로 했다고 내무부장관인 Ken Salazar가 5월 8일 밝혔다.)
So the status quo based on rule 4(d) will continue: Power plants, factories and other generators of greenhouse gases will not have to consider legal requirements for protecting polar bears under the Endangered Species Act.
(그래서, 4(d) 규정의 현상유지가 계속되게 되었다. 발전소, 공장, 기타 온실 가스를 발생하는 것들이 ESA에 속해있는 북극곰을 보호하기 위한 법적인 필수요구사항을 고려하지 않아도 된다.)
Polar bears are listed in the “threatened” category under the ESA because climate change brought about by increases in greenhouse gas emissions is shrinking the bear’s habitat.
(북극곰은 ESA에서 "위협받고 있는" 분류에 속해있다. 온실가스발산이 증가함에 따라 기후가 변화하여 북극곰의 서식지가 줄어들고 있기 때문이다.)
“However, the Endangered Species Act is not the proper mechanism for controlling our nation’s carbon emissions,” Salazar said. “Instead, we need a comprehensive energy and climate strategy that curbs climate change and its impacts — including the loss of sea ice.”
(Salazar는 다음과 같이 말한다. "하지만, ESA는 우리국가의 탄소확산을 억제하기 위한 적당한 방법이 아니다. 대신 우리는 빙하가 녹고 있는 것을 포함한 기후 변화와 이에 따른 영향을 억제 할 수 있는 포괄적인 에너지, 기후전략이 필요하다.")
The Bush-era rule dates from the bear’s listing under the ESA in May 2008. At the time, then-Secretary of the Interior Dirk Kempthorne stated that the main reason for the listing was the threat from shrinking sea ice. But he warned that the Endangered Species Act should not be used as a way to regulate activities such as power generation that emits greenhouse gases and thus contributes to climate change. The administration finalized a special rule in December 2008 to that effect.
(부시시대 규정에 북극곰을 2008년 5월 ESA에 포함시켰다. 같은 시기에 내무부장관 Dirk Kempthorne은 그 항목의 주된 이유는 작아지고 있는 빙하때문이라고 공식발표했다. 그러나, 그는 ESA가 대기를변화시키는 온실가스 주범인 발전소의 활동을 규제하는 방법을 사용하지 않을 것을 경고했다. 정부는 이를 위해 2008년 12월 특별법을 통해 마무리지었다.)
In March 2009 legislation, the new Congress offered the Obama administration a 60-day time period for reviewing and possibly rescinding this limitation. The Obama administration did rescind another rule that lightened the requirements for scientific consultation in government planning for protection of endangered species.
(2009년 3월 법률제정에서 새 국회에서 오바마 정부에 60일기간안에 재검토 및 이 제한을 폐지할 것을 제의했다. 오바마 정부는 위협을 받고 있는 종에 대한 보호에 관한 정부계획에 대해 과학적 진단을 받아야 하는 필수요구사항을 가볍게 하는 다른 규정을 폐지하였다.)
Secretary Salazar said the administration has chosen “to wisely implement” the 4(d) rule instead of scuttling it. He did highlight requests in the president’s proposed 2010 budget for additional money for polar bear protection.
(Salazar는 현 정부는 규정 4(d)를 폐지하는 대신에 현명한 방법으로 실행하는 것을 선택했다라고 했다. 그는 대통령이 2010년 예산에 북극곰 보호를 위한 추가 예산을 제의한 것에 대해 강조할 것을 요청했다.)
Senator Barbara Boxer (D-CA), chairwoman of the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, issued a statement saying, “I disagree with the Department of Interior’s decision to limit the tools we have available under the Endangered Species Act to save the polar bear from extinction.”
(환경, 공공단체의 상원위원회 사회자인 상원의원 Barbara Boxer는 다음과 같이 말하고 있다. "나는 우리가 북극곰을 멸종으로부터 구하기 위해 ESA를 통해 할 수 있는 방법을 제한하는 결정에 대해 동의하지 않는다.")
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* The law still stands. (그 법령은 여전히 유효하다.)
* status quo : [the ~] 그대로의 상태, 현상(現狀) ; 현상유지
* Controversial : 논쟁의, 논의의 여지가 있는, 물의를 일으키는
* plight : 1. 곤경, 궁지, (어려운) 상태 (predicament 유의어),
2. 맹세(pledge), 약혼
3. 맹세하다;약혼시키다, plighted lovers (서로 사랑을 맹세한 남녀)
* predicament : 곤경, 궁지, be in a predicament (곤경에 처해 있다.)
* emission [미] [imí∫ən]
1. (빛·열·향기 등의) 방사, 내뿜음, 발산 (發散) , 방출;방사물, 방출물
2. 《고어》 (지폐·주권 등의) 발행;발행고
3. (굴뚝·엔진 등으로부터의) 배기, 배출;배출물 (질)
4. 【생리】 사정 (射精)
* overturn [미] [òuvərtəˊːrn]
타동사 1. 뒤집다, 전복시키다, 넘어뜨리다, overturn a vase 꽃병을 넘어뜨리다
2. 타도하다
자동사 1.〈배 등이〉 뒤집히다, 전복하다, The car skidded and overturned. 차는 미끄러지면서 전복했다.
2. 넘어지다, 타도되다
명사 1.전복
2.타도, 붕괴 (collapse) , 와해
3.(온도차에 의한 물의) 역전
* debate [미] [dibeit]
자동사 1. 논쟁 [토론] 하다, 토론에 참가하다 《on, about》 (⇒ discuss 유의어)
《debate+전+명》 debate on[about] a question 어떤 문제에 대해 토론하다
2. 숙고하다 《of, about》
타동사 1. 토의 [토론] 하다
2. 숙고 [검토] 하다 (consider)
《debate+wh. to do》 I was debating in my mind whether to go or not. 갈까 말까 숙고 중이었다.
명사 1. U,C 토론, 토의, 논쟁 《upon》 (⇒ argument 유의어) [the ~s] (의회의) 토의록, 토론 보고서
the question under debate 논쟁 중인 문제
DENVER — A bunch of dead stars could serve as ready-made recorders for gravitational waves — subtle ripples in spacetime that if discovered would be the crowning achievement of Einstein’s theory of general relativity, astronomers propose. Researchers have been spending billions of dollars to perfect sensitive, kilometer-long devices on the ground and launch even more sophisticated experiments in space to detect this cosmic symphony.
The new search technique would instead rely on radio waves generated like clockwork by millisecond pulsars — the collapsed remnants of massive stars that spin about once every one to 10 milliseconds. The speed at which these pulsars rotate enables researchers to measure the timing of the waves’ arrival at Earth with high accuracy.
Measuring arrival time is critical, says Frederick Jenet of the University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College, who presented his team’s proposal on May 3 at the American Physical Society meeting. Colleague Andrea Lommen of Franklin & Marshall College in Lancaster, Pa., reported additional details on May 5.
A gravitational wave passing by the pulsar would warp spacetime, altering the arrival time of the radio waves at Earth ever so slightly. First the pulses would appear to a little earlier, then a little later. The changes in arrival time would depend predictably on the phase and direction of propagation of the gravitational wave, as well as its distance from the pulsar, Jenet notes.
To detect a general background of gravitational waves, astronomers would need to monitor 20 millisecond pulsars for five to 10 years, with the arrival time of the radio waves determined to an accuracy of 100 nanoseconds, Jenet estimates. Recording gravitational waves from a pair of merging supermassive black holes would require five pulsars with radio wave arrival times known to an even higher accuracy, 10 nanoseconds, he adds.
“We currently have about 20 millisecond pulsars, but only five of these can be timed to the needed precision,” he notes. Astronomers need to find more millisecond pulsars in order to conduct the proposed search.
The pulsar technique, Jenet says, is best suited for recording long-period gravitational waves — those with a period of months to years — because those waves would induce the largest fluctuations in the arrival time of the radio waves. Intriguingly, long-period gravitational waves are preferentially generated by pairs of the most massive black holes — the giant beasts that lie at the center of galaxies.
The idea of using pulsars to search for gravitational waves dates back to the late 1970s, Jenet says, but only recently have dedicated searches begun worldwide. “Personally, the romantic notion of building a galactic-scale gravitational wave observatory using exotic stars as part of the instrument itself seems quite appealing,” he says.
Using pulsars to search for gravitational waves “is not a crazy idea but a well-established area of research,” says Tom Prince of Caltech. Both the increased sensitivity of radio telescopes and the discovery of additional millisecond pulsars have taken the idea from intriguing to practical.
Prince leads an effort to launch a gravitational wave detector called LISA into space sometime in the next decade. LISA uses a trio of spacecraft, each housing a freely floating test mass, to record the passage of a gravitational wave. LISA will detect high-frequency gravitational waves produced by stellar-size black holes and neutron stars, which the pulsar method can’t. But the pulsar method is available now, without the need for new telescopes, Jenet says.
Scientists are currently using several large-scale gravitational-wave detectors on Earth, including the twin LIGO detectors, one located near Livingston, La., and the other in Hanford, Wash.